The Official Guide to the TOEFL iBT Test, 2021

The Official Guide to the TOEFL iBT Test, 2021.

   This Official Guide has been created to help English language learners understand the TOEFL test and prepare for it. By preparing for the test, you will also be building the skills you need to succeed in an academic setting and go anywhere in your career and in life.




THE ORIGINS OF CETACEANS.
It should be obvious that cetaceans—whales, porpoises, and dolphins—are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke1 and blowhole2 cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale. The fossil was officially named Pakicetus in honor of the country where the discovery was made. Pakicetus was found embedded in rocks formed from river deposits that were 52 million years old. The river that formed these deposits was actually not far from an ancient ocean known as the Tethys Sea.

Contents.
1 About the TOEFL iBT® Test.
Getting Started.
How to Use This Book.
All About the TOEFL iBT® Test.
Reading Section.
Listening Section.
Speaking Section.
Writing Section.
About Test Scores.
General Skill-Building Tips.
Test Preparation Tips from ETS.
Questions Frequently Asked by Test Takers.
2 Reading Section.
Reading Passages.
Reading Questions.
Basic Information and Inferencing Questions.
Reading to Learn Questions.
Strategies for Preparing for the Reading Section.
Reading Practice Sets.
Practice Set 1.
Practice Set 2.
Practice Set 3.
Practice Set 4.
Practice Set 5.
Practice Set 6.
3 Listening Section.
Listening Materials.
Listening Questions.
Basic Comprehension Questions.
Pragmatic Understanding Questions.
Connecting Information Questions.
Strategies for Preparing for and Taking the Listening Section.
Listening Practice Sets.
Practice Set 1.
Practice Set 2.
Practice Set 3.
Practice Set 4.
Practice Set 5.
4 Speaking Section.
The Speaking Section.
Speaking Tasks.
The Independent Task.
The Integrated Tasks.
Speaking Scoring Rubric.
Independent Task: Question 1.
Integrated Tasks: Questions 2,3, and 4.
Strategies for Preparing for and Taking the Speaking Section.
Frequently Asked Questions About the TOEFL® Speaking Section.
5 Writing Section.
The Writing Section.
The Integrated Writing Task.
How the Task Is Phrased.
Strategies for Taking the Integrated Writing Task.
Integrated Writing Scoring Rubric.
Sample Scored Responses for the Integrated Writing Task.
The Independent Writing Task.
How Essays Are Scored.
Independent Writing Scoring Rubric.
Sample Scored Responses for the Independent Writing Task.
Independent Writing Topics.
Topic List.
6 Authentic TOEFL iBT® Practice Test 1.
Reading.
Listening.
Speaking.
Writing.
Answers, Explanations, and Listening Scripts.
7 Authentic TOEFL iBT® Practice Test 2.
Reading.
Listening.
Speaking.
Writing.
Answers, Explanations, and Listening Scripts.
8 Authentic TOEFL iBT® Practice Test 3.
Reading.
Listening.
Speaking.
Writing.
Answers, Explanations, and Listening Scripts.
9 Authentic TOEFL iBT® Practice Test 4.
Reading.
Listening.
Speaking.
Writing.
Answers, Explanations, and Listening Scripts.
10 Writer's Handbook for English Language Learners.
Grammar.
Usage.
Mechanics.
Style.
Organization and Development.
Advice to Writers.
Revising, Editing, and Proofreading.
Glossary.
Appendix: Performance Feedback for Test Takers.



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